July 2026

Volume XXIII, Number 7

THE GRAVEYARD: Many visitors to Monticello get a glimpse of Thomas Jefferson’s granite obelisk tombstone in the family burial ground, known as the Monticello Graveyard, as their shuttle bus makes the short return trip from the house on the mountaintop down to the Visitors Center, passing by the gated cemetery about 750 feet from the house.

The reason for the locked gate is that the Monticello Graveyard is not owned by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, the nonprofit that acquired Monticello in 1923 and has operated the property ever since.

The family graveyard did not convey with the property when the heirs sold Monticello in 1831 to James Turner Barclay. And it has stayed in the family’s hands through the ownership of Uriah P. Levy (1834-62), Levy’s estate (1862-1879), and Jefferson M. Levy, from 1879 when he bought out his uncle’s other heirs and took control of the property, to 1923, the year he sold it to the Foundation.

The graveyard today is the property of the Monticello Association, a nonprofit group of Jefferson descendants, which has owned and superintended it since 1913.

What follows is a short history of the notable events—and there were more than a few—involving the graveyard and Thomas Jefferson’s tombstone, sometimes referred to as his monument, which Jefferson designed, but wasn’t placed in the cemetery until 1833, six years after his death.

Several of the events, including a fascinating one I only recently came across, took place during the Levy Family’s 89-year ownership.

The most unfortunate graveyard happenings began soon after the tombstone was put in place when rapacious souvenir hunters began showing up on the mountaintop, making their way to the graveyard, and taking chippings from the tombstone.

The chipping got so out of hand that in 1837, three years after Uriah Levy bought Monticello, he had the part of the gravestone containing the Jefferson’s epitaph removed and stored inside the house for safekeeping. Soon thereafter, Levy turned the epitaph over to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, Thomas Jefferson’s grandson and co-executor of his estate. Jeff Randdolph took it to his house on nearby Edgehill plantation, the 240-acre property his other grandfather, Thomas Mann Randolph, Sr., bequeathed to his parents, Martha Jefferson Randolph and Thomas Mann Randoph, Jr.

Jeff Randolph also had a nine-foot-high brick wall installed around the graveyard at Monticello and a huge iron fence placed in front of the tombstone to block unwanted visitors’ views. You can see the part of the brick wall and the fence in the photo below taken around 1871 of a visitor facing Jefferson’s chipped tombstone, minus the section with the inscribed epitaph. 

The brick wall and fencing in the late 1830s, however, did not completely keep unwanted visitors out of the graveyard.

In 1853, as I noted in Saving Monticello, the noted journalist and historian Benson Lossing, in an article that appeared in the July issue of Harper's New Monthly Magazine, described a visit he recently had paid to Monticello. At Jefferson’s grave, he said, he found the remnants of the granite monument “shamefully mutilated” by thieving visitors.

A visitor in the summer of 1864, Sarah Strickler, an Albermarle Female Institute student, described the effects of “relick” hunters on the entire property, and pointed out that Jefferson’s graveyard suffered “from the same want of attention that the house and grounds do.”

In, 1878, the year before Jefferson Levy bought out the other heirs and took control of the property, the U.S. Congress took up the matter of funding a new monument for Jefferson’s grave. But the proposed legislation had a big string attached: Congress would fund a new monument only if the family turned the cemetery over to the government. That legislation never became law.

In 1880, a year after Jefferson Levy bought Monticello, a Washington Post gossip columnist reported that people continued to take souvenir chippings from the grave markers.  The graveyard, she wrote, “is a desolate, weed-overgrown place, and the tombs, especially that of Mr. Jefferson, have been woefully mutilated by relic collectors.”

In 1882, Congress finally took action, this time appropriating $10,000 for a new, much larger monument, this one with no strings attached, to replace the original gravestone (in photo below), which by then had been so mutilated was almost completely unrecognizable.

 

It took eight years, but in April 1883, a team of ten horses carried a new, 16,000-pound monument—the obelisk we see today—from Washington, D.C., to Charlottesville and up to the mountaintop and installed it in the graveyard.

I recently came across a newspaper article from August 1884 I’d never seen, in which Jefferson Levy is quoted at length on the graveyard situation. In it, Levy vehemently refutes what he calls false allegations that he was not protecting the graveyard from chipping vandals.

The contention, he said, that “no guard or protection was kept over the grave are incorrect. I keep servants purposely to guard the graveyard, whose duty it is to pass and inspect [it] every hour of the twenty-four hours of the day and I am now about to erect a lodge at the main gate.”

What’s more, Levy said, “I have offered $500 reward for the detection and conviction on any person found destroying, trespassing, or defacing the monument or graveyard of Thomas Jefferson,” he told The Ithaca (N.Y.) Democrat. He went on to say that he had initiated a “double guard” to “watch the grave and register the names of all visitors entering the Monticello grounds.”

Soon after the new gravestone was put in place, several individuals and institutions offered to house the old one. In 1885, the Jefferson descendants met and chose to bequeath the tombstone and the plaque with the inscriptions to the University of Missouri—a state that admired Thomas Jefferson so much it named its capital Jefferson City.

It stands today (below) in The Quad in front of the university’s chancellor’s residence in the center on the Mizzou campus in Columbia, Mo., along with a reproduction of the marble plaque. 

In 1912, Jefferson Levy faced another round of accusations about the graveyard’s condition. This time the accuser was Maud Littleton, who was mounting a campaign to have the government take Monticello from Levy and turn it into a house museum.

Among other things, Mrs. Littleton (as she was referred to in the press) falsely accused him of not allowing visitors to get close to Jefferson’s grave. Or, as she put it in a widely distributed booklet: “No human being has the right to go there, except Mr. Levy and the Randolph family.” 

Jefferson Levy shot back at that accusation, along with others that he let the graveyard become “overgrown with weeds,” as one of Maude Littleton’s supporters wrote.

Levy’s reply: “At little or no inconvenience for a generation and more—ever since I arrived at maturity—Jefferson’s grave and the monument erected by Act of Congress, have been most carefully and zealously protected.” 

The last act in the graveyard/gravestone drama came in 1923, just before the December sale of Monticello to the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation. That’s when Jefferson Monroe Levy donated an additional half-half acre of land adjacent to the graveyard to the Monticello Association to be used as a future burial ground for Jefferson descendants. 

EVENTS & COMMERCE: I am scheduling events for the rest of the year, most of them on Lafayette: Idealist General and Saving Monticello. I’m also doing talks, podcasts, and other events for all of my books. They’re listed on this page on my website: marcleepson.com/events  

If you’d like to arrange a talk, podcast appearance, or other event on any of my books, feel free to email me at marcleepson@gmail.com 

To order signed copies of my books, go to https://bit.ly/BookOrdering

June 2026

 

Saving Monticello: The Newsletter

The latest about the book, author events, and more

Newsletter Editor - Marc Leepson

Volume XXIII, Number 6                                                      June 2026

MICHIE TAVERN: If you drive to Monticello from Charlottesville, as nearly all visitors do, coming to the mountaintop via State Rte. 53 (Thomas Jefferson Parkway), you cannot miss another historic building sitting alongside the road about two-thirds of the way up: Michie Tavern.

The meticulously restored property—an official Virginia Historic Landmark that for years has been a restaurant and tourist attraction—does, indeed, date from 1784, as its sign says. That’s when William Michie (“MICK-ee”) opened a tavern, but it was not on the Monticello mountain road in Charlottesville.

The Scotsman built his drinking and dining establishment near Earlysville, Virginia, then and now a rural area in Albermarle County located about 17 miles north of Monticello.

The tavern didn’t arrive at its present location until 1927 when an entrepreneurial antiques collector, Josephine Henderson (1872-1958), bought the then-derelict tavern. She then had the building dissembled and moved to the mountain where it was refurbished into a tourist attraction filled with her collection of antiques.

That was just four years after the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation had purchased Monticello from Jefferson M. Levy, after the property had been owned by the Levy family for 89 years. When Henderson brought the tavern to the mountain, the Foundation was in the first stages of repairing and restoring Monticello, its outbuildings, and its grounds.

The Foundation’s goal, as I noted in Saving Monticello, was to reshape the property to appear much as did during Thomas Jefferson’s retirement years, 1809-1826. That effort, by necessity, included erasing all traces of the nearly 90-year ownership of Monticello by the Levy family.

The Foundation held a public auction of Jefferson Levy’s furniture at Monticello, on November 17, 1928, all of which had conveyed with the 1923 sale.

That included tables and chairs, sofas, carpets, chandeliers, clocks, vases, statuary, paintings, lamps, beds, bureaus, dressers, chests, and a pair of twin beds. Some large items were shipped to New York City where they were sold at auction at the Plaza Hotel in December.

As for Josephine Henderson, she had recently moved to Charlottesville from Connecticut with her husband, M.M. Henderson. The move came about when he relocated his business, which the Charlottesville Daily Progress described as a “big” manufacturer of “high grade underwear,” a “nationally known and advertised product.”

 During the planning for the move south, Josephine Henderson conceived the idea of acquiring, restoring, and moving Michie Tavern. The object was to turn it “into a profitable business,” former Monticello guide Bill Bergen wrote recently in a fascinating article in the Magazine of Albemarle Charlottesville History.

Bergen pointed out that among Henderson’s purchases for the house/tavern museum—most likely at the November 17, 1928, auction—was one pair of the four large stone lions that Jefferson Levy had arrayed on the property. Those two “Levy Lions,” which sat on Monticello’s West portico steps, had conveyed with all of Levy’s other furniture and furnishings with the sale to the Foundation. 

It appears that Josephine Henderson briefly displayed one of the lion statues at her home in Charlottesville, then sent both of them to her sister Meredith Caldwell in Nashville. She, in turn, subsequently donated the lions to that city’s Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum. 

The Thomas Jefferson Foundation acquired the lions about ten years ago; today they are in storage on the mountaintop.

How familiar Josephine Henderson was with “the foundation’s concurrent efforts to preserve Monticello is unknown,” Bergen noted, “but central to Henderson’s ambitions was her knowledge that Monticello already drew thousands of visitors—over 49,000 in 1927—nearly all of whom would pass the relocated Michie Tavern as they traveled along what is now Route 53 to visit” Monticello.”*

Milton and Vestal Grigg bought the Michie property from Josephine Henderson in 1934, and moved into the tavern. Milton Grigg (1905-1982), an architect who specialized in historic restoration, used one of the property’s outbuildings as his office.

That same year, Bergen noted, Grigg helped design Monticello’s new entrance and exit roads. The next year joined the foundation’s four-person Monticello Restoration Committee chaired by the noted architect Fiske Kimball, then the head of New York University’s Fine Arts Department.

Milton Grigg went on to play a pivotal role in the Foundation’s preservation and restoration of Monticello for the next two decades. As Bergen pointed out, since Kimball and the other committee members did not live near Charlottesville, Milton Grigg “served as the Restoration Committee’s ‘resident member.’”

Among other things, Grigg was instrumental in the restoration of Monticello’s “north and south dependencies and the stables, the installation of central heating and air conditioning, and archaeological investigations at Jefferson’s birthplace, Shadwell,” Bergen wrote.

“Today,” he said, “Grigg’s influence at Monticello is reflected in the name of the building where Monticello’s executive offices are located. Although it has been reconfigured several times, the current Grigg Building retains the core structure designed by Grigg in the early 1950s to serve as a visitors’ center, ticket office, and gift shop.”

In the article, Bill Bergen reported that after the Griggs divorced in 1939, Vestal Grigg operated Michie Tavern for the next 30 years.

“Not content to promote the false claim that the Tavern was Patrick Henry's boyhood home,” he wrote, “she made increasingly outlandish claims about its historical significance.”

That false advertising drew the opposition of the local historical society, a contretemps that Bergen examines in detail in his article.

                                            ________________________________

* William W. Bergen, “The Monetization of Memory: The First Forty Years of Marketing Michie Tavern,” Magazine of Albemarle Charlottesville History (Vol. 83, 2025).

DR. NUNES: A LIFE: Richard Eunice, a descendant of Uriah Levy’s great-great grandfather, Dr. Samuel Nunes (sometimes spelled Nunez) and a subscriber to this newsletter, has recently published The Life and Legacy of Dr. Samuel Nunes.

In this concise, well-written and researched biography of his illustrious ancestor, Rich Eunice covers Dr. Nunez’s life under the thumb of the Portuguese Inquisition; his daring escape from Lisbon with his family; their time in London; the sea voyage to Georgia with a group of other Jews escaping the Inquisition in 1733; and his many accomplishments after reaching these shores.  

The book is based on extensive research from many sources, including the archives of the Portuguese Inquisition (Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo), the Colonial Records of the State of Georgia, and the archives at Mickve Israel in Savannah and Shearith Israel in New York City.

His book, Rich Eunice writes, “serves as more than a biography. It is a testament to the ‘Nunes Spirit’—that rare combination of scientific intellect, religious devotion, and unyielding resilience.”

For more info and to order a copy, go to richardmeunice.com or check out online booksellers.

EVENTS & COMMERCE: I am scheduling events for the rest of the year, most of them on Lafayette: Idealist General and Saving Monticello. I’m also doing talks, podcasts, and other events for all of my books. They’re listed on this page on my website: marcleepson.com/events

If you’d like to arrange a talk, podcast appearance, or other event on any of my books, feel free to email me at marcleepson@gmail.com 

To order signed copies of my books that are in print, go to https://bit.ly/BookOrdering 

 

May 2026

 

 

Saving Monticello: The Newsletter

The latest about the book, author events, and more

Newsletter Editor - Marc Leepson

Volume XXIII, Number 5                                                      May 2026

 

THE COOLIDGES: Searching for new online images of Monticello in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as is my wont, I recently came upon digitalcommonwealth.org, a website supported by the Boston Public Library. It contains countless historic photographs and other archived items from libraries, museums, archives, and historical societies throughout the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

To my surprise and delight, I found a group of evocative photographs taken at Monticello circa 1898 that I’d never seen. The sepia-toned images chronicle a visit to the mountaintop by Joseph Randolph Coolidge, Jr., a 70-year-old great grandson of Thomas Jefferson, in the company of several unidentified women and two employees of Jefferson Monroe Levy, who had owned Monticello at that point for about 20 years.

Several were taken at Thomas Jefferson’s gravesite and elsewhere in the family cemetery on the mountaintop. Others show Joseph Coolidge, who lived in Boston, standing and sitting on Monticello’s West Portico.

In the seated photo (above), it appears that Mr. Coolidge is peering and pointing at something in his hand, but it’s difficult to say what the object of his attention is. Appearances to the contrary, I am certain that said object is not an iPhone or any other type of mobile electronic device. 

Joseph R. Coolidge’s mother, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge (1796-1876), was one of Thomas Jefferson’s grandchildren, the daughter of Jefferson’s daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, and Thomas Mann Randolph. Ellen spent most of her formative years living at Monticello with her mother, grandfather, and ten brothers and sisters.

She married Joseph R. Coolidge’s father, also named Joseph Coolidge (1798-1879), a member of the Boston Brahmin Coolidges, on May 27, 1825, at Monticello. They had met just six months earlier on the mountaintop during a ten-day visit the Marquis de Lafayette paid to his old friend Thomas Jefferson in early November 2024 during the former’s famed Grand Tour of the United States. Ellen and Joseph Sr. subsequently moved to his house in Boston, the home base for the rest of their married life. 

As I wrote in Saving Monticello, other members of the Coolidge Family became interested in buying Monticello on several occasions following the death of Uriah Levy in 1862. In the late 1860s, when the Levy Family was squabbling over who would inherit Monticello, one of Joseph Coolidge, Jr.’s brothers, Thomas Jefferson Coolidge (1831-1920) expressed an interest in acquiring the property. But T. Jefferson Coolidge, as he was known, was put off by the legal morass surrounding Monticello, as well as its potential price.

Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, an upper crust financier, was, among other things, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. President Benjamin Harrison appointed him to be U.S. Ambassador to France in 1892. That marked the second time a member of his family served in that position. The other member: his great grandfather, Thomas Jefferson, whom the Confederation Congress appointed to represent the newly formed USA in Paris in 1785.

In 1889, twenty or so years after T.J. Coolidge lost interest in Monticello, and about the time Joseph R. was visiting the mountaintop, one of his sons, Archibald Cary Coolidge (1866-1928), made an unbidden offer to Jefferson Levy to buy Monticello. Just two years after graduating from Harvard, 23-year-old Archibald Coolidge put up $5,000 of his own money and attempted to borrow $30,000 from his father and other family members to induce Jefferson Levy to sell Monticello. That effort failed, as did another one two years later.

HARMON HENDRICKS: In the April newsletter, in the section on Uriah Levy’s real estate holdings in Greenwich Village, I talked a bit about the oldest standing house in the Village—and one of the oldest surviving structures in New York City—the Isaacs-Hendricks House. And mentioned that one of its owners, the wealthy copper merchant, Harmon Hendricks (1771-1838, in image below), was UPL’s contemporary.

I subsequently heard from Levy descendent Rob Hoffman about a familial connection between the Hendricks and Levy families. Rob reminded me that one of Harmon Hendricks’s granddaughters, Lillian Hendricks Woolf, married Louis Napoleon Levy, one of Uriah Levy’s nephews, in 1892.

And that one of Lillian Hendricks Levy (1868-?) and L. Napoleon Levy’s daughters, Alma Hendricks Levy Bookman (1902-1954), was Rob’s mother Nancy Hoffman’s mother. Nancy Hoffman, who was born in 1930, is the last of L. Napoleon Levy’s living grandchildren. 

EVENTS & COMMERCE:  I am scheduling speaking events for the rest of the year, most of them on Lafayette: Idealist General and Saving Monticello. I’m also doing talks, podcasts, and other events for all of my books, including Saving Monticello. They’re listed on this page on my website: marcleepson.com/events

If you’d like to arrange a talk, podcast appearance, or other event on any of my books, feel free to email me at marcleepson@gmail.com 

Signed copies of my books are avalable at https://bit.ly/BookOrdering You can read back issues of this newsletter at http://bit.ly/SMOnline

April 2026

 

Saving Monticello: The Newsletter

The latest about the book, author events, and more

Newsletter Editor - Marc Leepson

Volume XXIII, Number 4                                                      April 2026

THE VILLAGE: When I give talks on Saving Monticello and get to the point of explaining how Uriah Levy, a U.S. Navy Lieutenant, had the financial wherewithal to buy Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello in 1834, I explain that he had invested in real estate in a farming village that was part of New York City in the late 1820s. And that soon thereafter artists and artisans began moving to that part of lower Manhattan and the streets were paved in that part of the city known as Greenwich Village.

Uriah Levy, in 1828, bought three rooming houses, commonly known then as boarding houses—apartment-like buildings in which renters had individual rooms and shared kitchen facilities—in the Village, two on Duane Street and one on Greenwich Street.

Levy then went on a buying spree, acquiring more rooming houses in the Village and elsewhere in lower Manhattan. 

Over the next 20 years, he amassed a not-inconsiderable fortune through his New York City rooming house and other real estate holdings. In 1855, U.P. Levy—as he listed on the NYC tax rolls—had become one of the wealthiest men in Manhattan with an estimated wealth of some $500,000, an enormous sum in the mid-nineteenth century.

At the time of his 1862 death, in addition to Monticello and its surrounding acreage, Uriah Levy owned more than two dozen properties in New York, primarily rooming houses and other residential real estate in Greenwich Village. He owned buildings on Duane, Division, Canal, Houston, McDougal, Thompkins, Greenwich, Rivington, Broome, Crosby, Prince, Houston, Macdougal, Sullivan, and Thompson Streets, and one on 1st Avenue. You can see some of them listed in the above screenshot of an online image of the NYC Office of Receiver Tax’s list of UPL’s properties in the year of his death.

Many of those properties are long gone, as is the townhouse where Urial Levy lived at 107 St. Mark’s Place near 1st Avenue, which was demolished. It’s the site today of a 48-unit, six-story apartment building that went up in 1920.

Speaking of vintage Greenwich Village real estate, I recently learned that the oldest house in the village—and one of the oldest surviving structures in New York City—is the Isaacs-Hendricks House, a one time “free-standing, Federal style farmhouse with yard,” according to the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation’s “Off the Grid” blog.  

The house (above) sits at the corner of Bedford and Commerce Streets, a block from 7^th Avenue in the West Village. It was built in 1799, and has been enlarged several times since, including the addition of third floor in 1928.

Wholesale merchant Joshua Isaacs, who built the house, sold it to Harmon Hendricks, a copper mill owner and merchant, in the early 1800s who was a contemporary of Uriah Levy’s.

Part of the Greenwich Village Historic District and designated a New York City Landmark in 1969, the Isaacs-Hendricks house was sold last year. The price: $1.25-million.     

MORE MANAGERS: I devoted the entire March 2026 issue to new information I learned from Sam Towler. An independent researcher in Charlottesville, Sam has uncovered loads of information over the years on the people who lived and worked at Monticello during the Levy Family’s ownership—and has regularly shared it with me.

I wrote in March about Sam’s recent discovery that a man named Minor Houchins (whom I did not run across when researching the book), was Uriah Levy’s first farm manager, mostly likely from 1836, when Levy took control of the property, to 1849. Ira C. Garrison succeeded Houchins in that role, probably in 1850. Sometime after Garrison joined the Confederate Army in 1861, Joel Wheeler took over, and stayed until 1879 when Jefferson M. Levy bought out the other UPL heirs and became the owner of the property.

Sam subsequently emailed me with information on the farm manager/overseer situation under Jefferson Levy’s ownership, which he gleaned following his latest deep dive into Albemarle County wills, lawsuit depositions, tax records, letters, Census data, and other primary source materials.

In Saving Monticello, I wrote that after Jefferson Levy “evicted Joel Wheeler” in 1879, he “went through six overseers at Monticello” in the next ten years before he hired “his seventh, 26-year-old Thomas L. Rhodes.” But I never found out the names of the six overseers/managers.

Sam discovered three of the names, as well as other new information, including the fact that Jefferson Levy did not fire Joel Wheeler.

The proof: Levy did not gain title to Monticello until March 1879 and Wheeler, Sam found, had been gone from the mountaintop since at least January of that year.

That’s when George Carr, the Charlottesville lawyer who was the executor of Uriah Levy’s estate, hired Jefferson Levy’s father Jonas Levy (one of Uriah brothers) to be the Monticello farm manager.

Then, in 1883, a local man, Thomas H. Rhodes (who likely was related to Thomas L. Rhodes) replaced the peripatetic Jonas Levy (he moved a lot) as Monticello’s farm manager. T.H. Rhodes lasted about a year, then gave way to Edward C. Garrison, who probably was related to Ira C. Garrison.

The Albemarle Property Book lists at least five other men as owning property (mostly livestock) at Monticello during those years. Each one may have managed the farm at one point: John C. Wells, John B. Andrews, A.M. Estes, Claudius E. Whitlock, and John W. Porter. Of that group, Sam believes that John Wells likely was the farm manager at one point, but it’s much less certain that any of the others did more than graze cattle on the property.

What we do know for sure, and what I reported in Saving Monticello, is that Jefferson Levy hired Thomas L. Rhodes in 1889 and he would stay on as Monticello’s overseer for some five decades. He is given credit for being a tireless worker and a passionate advocate for the preservation and protection of Jefferson's architectural masterpiece.

EVENTS & COMMERCE:  I am scheduling events for the rest of the year, most of them on Lafayette: Idealist General and Saving Monticello. I’m also doing talks, podcasts, and other events for all of my books, including Saving Monticello. 

They’re listed on this page on my website: marcleepson.com/events

If you’d like to arrange a talk, podcast appearance, or other event on any of my books, feel free to email me at marcleepson@gmail.com 

To order signed copies, go to https://bit.ly/BookOrdering

March 2026

 

Saving Monticello: The Newsletter

 

Newsletter Editor - Marc Leepson 

 Volume XXIII, Number 3                                                 March 2026 

MANAGERS & OVERSEERS: The biggest challenge I faced doing the research for Saving Monticello in the late 1990s came when I realized that Uriah Levy did not keep a diary or journal. Or if he did, I never found them, nor has anyone else who’s written about Levy before or after my book came out in 2001. 

What’s more, I found only a handful of letters Levy wrote. And, in them, he wrote precious little about Monticello, which he bought in 1834 and owned until the day he died 1862. 

 On the plus side, I unearthed a great deal of useful primary-source material on UPL and Monticello—mainly contemporary newspaper and magazine articles; official state, military, real estate, and other documents; and letters written by Martha Jefferson Randolph and her daughters, by visitors to Monticello; and by other members of the Levy family during Levy’s tenure. 

 Using those and other sources, I was able to identify two men who served as Uriah’s farm managers at Monticello, a man identified in letters only as “Mr. Garrison,” and Joel Wheeler, who took over after him. But the sources I found did not reveal exactly when Garrison or Wheeler started at Monticello, nor when they left, though it appeared that the latter departed the mountaintop either just before or after Jefferson Levy took possession in 1879.

I only recently learned more details about Garrison and Wheeler—including Garrison’s first and middle names—through the work of the indefatigable Sam Towler. An independent researcher who lives in Charlottesville, Sam has had a special interest in the people who lived on the mountaintop during Uriah Levy’s ownership and the years after he died. He has spent countless hours and many years searching official Albemarle County records, including real estate documents, wills, birth records, and lawsuits, and has identified a good number of people—including members of enslaved families—who lived and worked at Monticello during that time. 

 Sam has kindly shared his research with me over the years. In February, he emailed to let me know that he had recently learned that a man named Minor Houchins most likely was Uriah Levy’s first farm manager (sometimes referred to as an overseer), as well as the approximate dates of Ira Chapman Garrison’s tenure working for Levy. 

 According to an 1849 lawsuit deposition Sam uncovered, Minor Houchins, who was born in 1811 in Albemarle County, described himself as “the manager and agent for Capt Levy” in 1837. So, it’s quite likely that Houchins started working for Levy in 1836, the year the then U.S. Navy lieutenant had officially taken title to Monticello. As I learned when researching the book, Uriah Levy had signed a contract with the then-owner of Monticello, James T. Barclay, to buy the property on April 1, 1834. 

But the two men immediately squabbled over the exact acreage and what contents of the house would convey with the property, and sued each other. Settling those lawsuits held up the final sale for two years, until May 1836. Which is when Levy took possession of the property and most likely hired Houchins as his overseer. 

According to Sam, Houchins continued working for Uriah Levy’s until 1849, mainly because the 1850 census reveals that Houchins did not live near Monticello that year. As for Ira C. Garrison, Sam’s research shows that he definitely was working as UPL’s overseer in 1853, but could have started the job earlier than that—which would align with the fact that Houchins was gone by 1850. Garrison (c.1819-1892), was born on Rocky Hill Farm in Free Union, Virginia, about 20 miles south of Monticello. 

It appears he worked at Monticello from 1850 to 1860 or 1861. 

The 1860 federal census (snippet above) has him listed as “overseer.” During my research for the book, I had found a June 4, 1858, letter Uriah Levy wrote to his Charlottesville lawyer, George Carr, in which he gave Carr directions for handling his “farming affairs.” In it, Levy reminded Carr that he had been given him “the power to supervise Mr. Garrison and hope you will see that he is economical in his expenditure of money and materials. He has always done well in this….” 

In 1861, soon after the outbreak of the Civil War, Ira Garrison joined the Second Virginia Artillery Regiment in the Confederate States Army. Joel Wheeler, it appears, became the overseer at Monticello in the fall of 1860 and stayed there until either 1878 or 1879 when Jefferson Monroe Levy took ownership of the property. 

Postscript: Aside from learning about Minor Houchins and more about Ira Garrison, this new information led me to realize that I made a mistake in Saving Monticello when I wrote that in 1839 Joel Wheeler, “had gotten in touch with Uriah’s siblings Jonas and Amelia when their mother [Rachel Levy], who lived at Monticello, died and they arranged to have her buried near the house.” 

I had assumed that Wheeler was the property manager at that time. Now it appears all but certain that Minor Houchins superintended the burial of Rachel Phillips Levy. Mea culpa. 

EVENTS & COMMERCE: I am scheduling events for the rest of the year, most of them on Lafayette: Idealist General and Saving Monticello. I’m also doing talks, podcasts, and other events for all of my books, including Saving Monticello. They’re listed on this page on my website: marcleepson.com/events 

If you’d like to arrange a talk, podcast appearance, or other event on any of my books, feel free to email me at marcleepson@gmail.com  To order signed copies, go to BookOrdering 

January/February 2026

 

 

Saving Monticello: The Newsletter

The latest about the book, author events, and more

Newsletter Editor - Marc Leepson

Volume XXIII, Numbers 1 & 2                                                          January/February 2026

GETTING WORD:  When the subject of Thomas Jefferson and enslaved people comes up, I invariably bring up the fact that the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which owns and operates Monticello, has been a pioneer in telling the stories of the more than 600 people enslaved by Jefferson during his lifetime.

That pioneering effort began in 1993 when the Foundation started an unprecedented oral history project called Getting Word. The idea was to record and preserve the family histories of the African American men, women, and children who lived in bondage at Monticello.

 

Founded in Monticello’s History Department by Lucia “Cinder” Stanton and Dr. Dianne Swann-Wright, Getting Word today is more robust than ever. The program’s past and continuing work helps shape Monticello’s public programming and tours as it seeks out, preserves, and shares the stories of the enslaved people who lived and worked on the mountaintop in order to document and tell the complete story of Monticello’s history.

 

I recently had the pleasure of speaking to Auriana Woods, who has been Getting Word’s director since December 2024. We talked about the department’s work and also about slavery at Monticello during Uriah Levy’s ownership. As I noted in Saving Monticello, Levy enslaved people on the mountaintop beginning in 1836 after he took control of the property following a two-year legal battle over what would convey with the sale when he purchased the property in April 1834.

 

That situation continued until the (Confederate) court-ordered sale of all of Uriah Levy’s estate’s property in the fall of 1864, two years after his death.

Auriana Woods (below) majored in African American Studies as an undergraduate at Brown University. She received her MA in Oral History from Columbia University before joining Monticello as an oral historian for Getting Word in June of 2023.

 

That came at a propitious time for Getting Word, as the program had recently received a $3.5-million grant from the Mellon Foundation.

 

“We’re in a new chapter,” Auriana told me. “We now have a team of ten people, including contractors. Getting Word’s growth and ongoing research is only possible because of the three decades of work that the team has inherited and continues to build upon, and to steward for future generations of historians.”

 

The “crux” of what Auriana hopes to accomplish during her directorship, she said, is “investing in the hard work of tracking folks whose last names were not recorded in Jefferson’s written record. Of the 613 known individuals enslaved by Jefferson during his lifetime, less than a quarter of them were recorded with a surname.”

 

Even though Monticello is “arguably the best-documented plantation in North America,” she said, the task of finding last names remains a daunting one. But, “with thirty years of work under our belts and various digital tools to aid in our search, it is absolutely possible.”

 

Getting Word’ “began in 1993 as an oral history project aimed at documenting the family histories of Monticello’s enslaved community and their descendants, toward the purpose of producing a more complete understanding of the mountaintop and all those who called it home. 

Today, we serve as Monticello’s institutional home for the study of slavery and as the department of African American History. While Getting Word is a full-fledged, interdisciplinary research team, oral history remains central to our work, and we steward a vast archival collection of 400 interview participants and counting,” Auriana said.

 

“In the past few years, we have been working to bring Getting Word’s work to a broader audience, in both the public history field and to the general public.”

 

Getting Word regularly produces an array of public programming, workshops, and talks—most recently a Black Family History Symposium held in Charlottesville on February 7. The day-long event included panel discussions, talks, and workshops centering on the theme of “Refounding Legacies.”

The program continues to shape public programming and tours for Monticello’s half-million annual visitors, helping to uncover, preserve, and share the stories of “all those who lived and labored on the mountaintop,” as Auriana put it.

“People associate so many different ideas with Monticello; some of it accurate, some of it not,” she said. Some visitors might think of Monticello as Thomas Jefferson’s alone, “not as a plantation that was predominately home to African American families.” But after touring the site, they go home with “more nuanced understanding of this nation’s founding and who belongs to it.

“For me, that idea is what gives the work meaning and drives me forward: I believe that we would be much a healthier and more well-rounded nation if we all knew that we belonged to its history, and are responsible for forging its future.”

THE LEVY ERA

While Getting Word focuses on slavery during Jefferson’s ownership, Auriana told me that the program is doing more work than ever on the enslaved people at Monticello during Uriah Levy’s ownership, as well as on the African American guides and other staff employed by his nephew Jefferson Monroe Levy, who took control of Monticello in 1879.

“Just as you cannot fully understand Jefferson without understanding the vast majority of people who lived and labored at Monticello,” she said, “in the same vein, we cannot understand Monticello’s preservation without understanding everyone who contributed to its survival.”

Getting Word’s work, she said, “has always been about the interconnections between families, whether white or Black, enslaved or free.” There are blood and family connections to the original enslaved communities in Jefferson’s time during the ownership of the Levys.

Those families, she said, include the Hendersons, Colemans, Sampsons, Carrs, Pages, Fergusons, and Taylors. Members of those families include descendants of those who were enslaved by Jefferson, as well as late 19th and early 20th century guides and others who worked (in in some cases, lived) on the mountaintop.

“This place has such a gravitational pull,” Auriana said, and many descendants of the enslaved community “have stayed close.” That includes “people living in Charlottesville today.”

Eliza Tolliver Coleman, for example, in the photo above with her children, served as the gatekeeper at Monticello for Jefferson Monroe Levy during his entire ownership, from 1879-1923. Her husband, Thomas Coleman, who also worked for J.M. Levy, was formerly enslaved by Joel Wheeler, Uriah Levy’s last caretaker at Monticello.

As for the Levy ownership, Auriana notes that Monticello’s tour guides talk about their stewardship—the main story I tell in Saving Monticello—during every highlights tour. They also mention the Levys’ stewardship as owners, “which has allowed Monticello to be preserved and exist today, allowing us to continue to do this work.”

THE CONTEMPLATIVE SITE

 

“We talk a lot about names here,” Auriana Woods said of the Getting Word department.

There’s no better physical example of that than Monticello’s Contemplative Site, a memorial dedicated in 2023 on the mountaintop to honor and list the known names of people enslaved by Thomas Jefferson. “All of them have last names, we just don’t know them all yet,” Auriana said.

Located at the foot of Mulberry Row, the 60-foot-long steel wall contains the names listed chronologically by birthdate. Blank spaces are included to make additions as the Getting Word staff uncovers more names.

That happened in August last year when Getting Word held a private dedication ceremony commemorating their recent discoveries of the names of six additional people enslaved by Jefferson: Child, born about 1815-1819; Moses, born in February 1790; Nanny, born in 1776; Mary Ann Hern, born in late 1823; Child, born in 1802; and Robert, born about 1815-18.

“Tracking small details and reading between the lines is critical when researching Black history at Monticello,” Auriana said at the time of the dedication. “Traces of evidence can come from anywhere or anyone, and it takes the effort of many hands—descendants, scholars, and interpreters—to bring those lives back into focus.” 

More info about the Getting Word African American History department at: https://gettingword.monticello.org/

 

EVENTS & COMMERCE:  I am scheduling events for 2026, most of them on Lafayette: Idealist General and Saving Monticello. I’m also doing talks, podcasts, and other events for all of my books.

If you’d like to arrange a talk, podcast appearance, or other event on any of my books, feel free to email me at marcleepson@gmail.com  To order signed copies, go to https://bit.ly/BookOrdering

December 2025

 

Saving Monticello: The Newsletter

The latest about the book, author events, and more

Newsletter Editor - Marc Leepson

Volume XXII, Number 12                                                      December 2025

THE 1879 SALE: A good portion of Saving Monticello is dedicated to the fate of Thomas Jefferson’s Essay in Architecture from March 22, 1862, when its owner since 1834, Uriah Levy, died, until 1879, when his nephew Jefferson M. Levy assumed ownership. During those seventeen years, the house and grounds were neglected and the property’s ownership in limbo. 

The reason: a lawsuit filed by Uriah Levy’s heirs against his estate contesting the section in his will that bequeathed Monticello to the federal government to be used as an agricultural school for the orphans of Navy warrant officers. 

For reasons that are unclear, Levy wanted said orphans to learn to become “practical farmers,” according to the will. And he wanted the property to be “cultivated” so that the “boys and their instructors raise all they may require to feed themselves” and their instructors.  

The idea that Monticello should be turned into a self-sustaining, government-run agricultural school/farm didn’t exactly go over well with the heirs, of which there were more than 60.  

Six months after Uriah Levy’s will was admitted to probate, on October 31, 1862, partition lawsuits were filed in New York, where Levy lived, and in Virginia, challenging the will’s directions for Monticello’s fate.  

The New York suit was filed by two New York City lawyers: Uriah Levy’s close friend David S. Coddington and Levy’s 34-year-old nephew, Asahel Levy, the son of his younger brother Isaac. Coddington and Asahel Levy were among the eight executors of UPL’s estate. Asahel Levy was among the many family members and friends named as beneficiaries in Levy’s will.  

Uriah bequeathed Asahel Levy (refered to in the will as “Ashel”) Washington Farm, a property UPL had bought in Albermarle County, Va., not far from Monticello. Levy also gave his newphew “all my Negro slaves and all my horses, cattle, stock, and crops” on the farm, along with $5,000 in cash. 

What’s more, he bequeathed Ashel “my Gold Box with the freedom of the City of New York given me by” the city. Said gold box was an ornate snuff box that the NYC leaders presented to Levy on February 6, 1834, after he gave the city a painted plaster model of a larger-than-life bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson that Levy had commissioned in Paris. “Freedom of the City” was a largely ceremonial honor akin to being awarded the key to the city.  

Uriah Levy bequeathed all of his New York City property to his wife, Virginia Lopez Levy, along with all his household furniture, “either useful or ornamental,” as the will put it. Upon her death or marriage, Uriah directed that the furniture go to Asahel Levy.  

I won’t go into the complicated details of the lawsuits, which took 17 years to wend their way through the courts in New York and Virginia. I cover the highlights in Saving Monticello. 

Suffice it to say here that during that time Monticello went into its second period of severe physical decline, as illustrated by the cover photo of the book, the oldest known photographic image of Monticello, taken sometime in the 1870s.  

The suits were settled after another of Uriah Levy’s nephews, Jefferson Levy, an extremely successful New York real estate and stock speculator and the son of Uriah Levy’s youngest brother, Jonas, bought out enough of the other heirs’ shares of the wall. That gave Jefferson Levy enough support for him to buy the property when it went up for sale at an auction held on the mountaintop on March 20, 1879.  

I provided a very short description of the auction in the book because the only primary source I could find about it when I was doing the research 25 years ago was from a short article in a Staunton, Virginia, newspaper.  

I wrote that it appeared that Jefferson Levy was the only bidder at the March 20 auction. And that his winning bid was $10,050—roughly $325,000 in 2025 dollars. And that the money went to the sale’s commissioner, who took a small percentage and then distributed the balance to the heirs. Since Jefferson Levy had bought out most of the heirs’ shares, he received a good percentage of the purchase price. In essence, he bought Monticello from himself. 

I recently found a more detailed description of the auction that strongly indicates that Jefferson Levy was not the only bidder, although the outcome was the same. A March 24, 1879, article in The New York Herald reported that “a great number of Virginia gentlemen and residents of the neighboring counties were present” at the sale on the mountaintop four days earlier. Those folks weren’t there to bid on the house, though. They showed up “more from curiosity” to see what would become of Thomas Jefferson’s famous property.  

The article said that a man from Charlottesville, S.M. Keller, opened the bidding at $5,000. But he dropped out after being outbid by Asahel Levy, who went on to make “a number of bids.” Then Jefferson Levy ended the auction with his $10,050 offer and took control of Monticello.  

Jefferson Levy would go on to repair, restore, and preserve the house and grounds; furnish the house with antiques; and acquire more acreage before selling it in 1923—44 years later—to the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation. 

EVENTS & COMMERCE:   

I am in the process of scheduling events for 2026, most of them on Lafayette: Idealist General, my concise biography of the famed Marquis, and my latest book, The Unlikely War Hero, a slice-of-life biography of the extraordinary Vietnam War story of Doug Hegdahl, the youngest and lowest-ranking American prisoner held in Hanoi during the war.

I’m also doing talks, podcasts, and other events for the new paperback edition of Lafayette: Idealist General and, of course, Saving Monticello.

If you’d like to arrange a talk, podcast appearance, or other event on The Unlikely War Hero, Saving Monticello, Lafayette, or any of my other books, please email me at marcleepson@gmail.com  

To order signed copies from my website, go to https://bit.ly/BookOrdering